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砂磨機作為一種高效超細研磨設備，在鈾礦開采及核能發(fā)電產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈中發(fā)揮著不可替代的作用，其應用貫穿鈾礦提取、反應堆材料制備、燃料加工及核廢料處理等關鍵環(huán)節(jié)，推動著核能產(chǎn)業(yè)向高效、安全、環(huán)保方向發(fā)展。

一、鈾礦濕法研磨提鈾

- 作用：砂磨機將破碎后的鈾礦石與化學助劑（如硫酸、硝酸）攪拌混合濕法研磨至微米級顆粒，大幅提高后續(xù)浸出反應的表面積。

- 技術要點：采用耐磨材質(zhì)（特殊耐輻射、耐強酸和耐磨損高分子內(nèi)襯）以抵抗鈾礦中石英等硬質(zhì)礦物的磨損；閉環(huán)研磨系統(tǒng)防止放射性粉塵外泄，研磨后礦漿通過管道直接輸送至浸出池；優(yōu)化研磨粒度（通常≤50μm）以平衡浸出效率與能耗，鈾回收率可提升20%-30%。

- 行業(yè)現(xiàn)狀：XX，XXX鈾礦已普遍采用砂磨機替代傳統(tǒng)球磨機，能耗降低15%-20%，杜絕放射性物料外泄。

二、反應爐碳化硅（SiC）結構材料制備

 - 作用：砂磨機用于制備核反應堆用碳化硅陶瓷的原料粉。SiC是第四代反應堆（如高溫氣冷堆）的關鍵鍋爐架構材料。

 - 技術要點：納米級研磨（D50≤200nm）確保SiC燒結后的致密性和抗輻照性能；濕法研磨避免粉塵爆炸風險，溶劑需選用無水乙醇等非極性介質(zhì)；分級系統(tǒng)控制粒度分布，避免粗顆粒導致燒結缺陷。

- 案例：中國HTR-PM球床模塊式高溫氣冷堆的燃料容器架構包覆層即采用砂磨機制備的亞微米SiC粉體。

三、鈾燃料球氧化鋯（ZrO?）包覆層加工

 - 作用：砂磨機制備氧化鋯納米懸浮液，用于鈾燃料球（如TRISO顆粒）的惰性涂層噴涂。

- 技術要點：ZrO?粉體研磨至100-300nm以形成均勻的溶膠-凝膠涂層；添加釔（Y?O?）作為穩(wěn)定劑，研磨后漿料的pH值需精確控制在3-4之間；砂磨機與噴霧干燥聯(lián)用，實現(xiàn)涂層前驅(qū)體的高效制備。

 - 行業(yè)標準：ASTM C833規(guī)定核級ZrO?涂層的密度需≥95%理論密度，砂磨工藝直接影響涂層氣孔率。

四、核廢料玻璃陶瓷固化減容

- 作用：砂磨機將高放廢料（如核廢料）固化減容。

技術要點：高能砂磨使廢料與玻璃形成分子級混合，降低后續(xù)熔融固化溫度（從1200℃降至900℃）；采用鉛屏蔽型砂磨機，防止γ射線外泄，研磨介質(zhì)選用氧化鋯珠；最終產(chǎn)物體積僅為原始廢料的1/5-1/10，且抗浸出性提高102-103倍。

- 應用：法系AREVA的AVM工藝已實現(xiàn)工業(yè)化，年處理能力達5000噸玻璃固化體。

突破內(nèi)卷的關鍵創(chuàng)新方向

砂磨機大型化與智能化模塊化：開發(fā)處理量≥50t/h的砂磨機組，集成在線粒度監(jiān)測（如激光衍射儀）和AI自動調(diào)節(jié)轉速。

耐輻照材料升級：采用耐腐蝕耐輻射材質(zhì)研磨盤，壽命較傳統(tǒng)材料延長3倍。

         零排放設計：全封閉系統(tǒng)搭配放射性廢水循環(huán)裝置，符合IAEA GSG-6標準。混合工藝創(chuàng)新：砂磨機與微波浸出聯(lián)用（如Denison Mines的專利技術），縮短鈾提取周期40%。

         砂磨機在核能領域的深度應用，正推動鈾資源利用從“粗放開采”向“精準加工+廢料最小化”轉型，其技術壁壘高且設備附加值顯著，可有效規(guī)避低端產(chǎn)能競爭，為核能產(chǎn)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供有力支撐。

 作者 徐亞兵 武漢力加力機械制造有限公司2025年7月23日）

Key Applications and Innovation Directions of Sand Mills in Uranium Mining and Nuclear Power Generation Industry Chain

As an efficient ultra-fine grinding equipment, sand mills play an irreplaceable role in the uranium mining and nuclear power generation industry chain. Their applications run through key links such as uranium ore extraction, reactor material preparation, fuel processing, and nuclear waste treatment, promoting the development of the nuclear energy industry towards high efficiency, safety, and environmental protection.

1. Uranium Extraction by Wet Grinding of Uranium Ore

- Function: Sand mills mix crushed uranium ore with chemical auxiliaries (such as sulfuric acid and nitric acid) for wet grinding to micron-level particles, significantly increasing the surface area for subsequent leaching reactions.

- Technical Points: Wear-resistant materials (special radiation-resistant, acid-resistant, and wear-resistant polymer linings) are used to resist wear from hard minerals like quartz in uranium ore; a closed-loop grinding system prevents radioactive dust leakage, and the ground slurry is directly transported to the leaching tank through pipelines; the grinding particle size is optimized (usually ≤50μm) to balance leaching efficiency and energy consumption, and the uranium recovery rate can be increased by 20%-30%.

- Industry Status: XX and XXX uranium mines have generally adopted sand mills to replace traditional ball mills, reducing energy consumption by 15%-20% and eliminating radioactive material leakage.

2. Preparation of Silicon Carbide (SiC) Structural Materials for Reactors

- Function: Sand mills are used to prepare raw material powders for silicon carbide ceramics used in nuclear reactors. SiC is a key boiler structure material for fourth-generation reactors (such as high-temperature gas-cooled reactors).

- Technical Points: Nanoscale grinding (D50 ≤ 200nm) ensures the compactness and radiation resistance of SiC after sintering; wet grinding avoids the risk of dust explosion, and non-polar media such as anhydrous ethanol should be used as solvents; a classification system controls the particle size distribution to avoid sintering defects caused by coarse particles.

- Case: The cladding layer of the fuel container structure of China's HTR-PM pebble-bed modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor uses submicron SiC powder prepared by sand mills.

3. Processing of Zirconium Oxide (ZrO?) Cladding Layer for Uranium Fuel Pellets

- Function: Sand mills prepare zirconium oxide nanosuspensions for inert coating spraying of uranium fuel pellets (such as TRISO particles).

- Technical Points: ZrO? powder is ground to 100-300nm to form a uniform sol-gel coating; yttrium (Y?O?) is added as a stabilizer, and the pH value of the slurry after grinding needs to be precisely controlled between 3-4; sand mills are combined with spray drying to achieve efficient preparation of coating precursors.

- Industry Standard: ASTM C833 stipulates that the density of nuclear-grade ZrO? coatings should be ≥95% of the theoretical density, and the sand grinding process directly affects the coating porosity.

4. Vitro-Ceramic Solidification and Volume Reduction of Nuclear Waste

- Function: Sand mills solidify and reduce the volume of high-level radioactive waste (such as nuclear waste).

- Technical Points: High-energy sand grinding enables molecular-level mixing of waste and glass, reducing the subsequent melting and solidification temperature (from 1200℃ to 900℃); lead-shielded sand mills are used to prevent γ-ray leakage, and zirconium oxide beads are used as grinding media; the final product volume is only 1/5-1/10 of the original waste, and the leaching resistance is increased by 102-103 times.

- Application: The French AREVA's AVM process has achieved industrialization, with an annual processing capacity of 5000 tons of vitrified solids.

Key Innovation Directions to Break Through Involution

- Large-scale and Intelligent Modularization of Sand Mills: Develop sand mill units with a processing capacity of ≥50t/h, integrating online particle size monitoring (such as laser diffractometers) and AI automatic speed regulation.

- Upgrade of Radiation-resistant Materials: Use corrosion-resistant and radiation-resistant grinding discs, with a service life 3 times longer than traditional materials.

- Zero-emission Design: A fully enclosed system combined with radioactive wastewater recycling devices, in line with the IAEA GSG-6 standard.

- Innovation in Hybrid Processes: The combination of sand mills and microwave leaching (such as Denison Mines' patented technology) shortens the uranium extraction cycle by 40%.

The in-depth application of sand mills in the nuclear energy field is promoting the transformation of uranium resource utilization from "extensive mining" to "precision processing + waste minimization". Its high technical barriers and significant equipment added value can effectively avoid low-end capacity competition and provide strong support for the sustainable development of the nuclear energy industry.

 Author: Xu Yabing

Wuhan Lijiali Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd.

July 23, 2025